Clinical Manifestation

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Chronic Snoring
Witnessed apneic or choking episodes
Frequent awakenings
Hypertension
More prevalent in men
HIgh risk for stroke
Restless and non-refreshing sleep
Nocturia
Diaphoresis
Morning Headaches
Systemic hypertension
Congestive heart failure (CHF
Dry mouth or awakening
Intellectual and personality changes
*Short-term memory loss
*Loss of executive function
*Increased irritablility
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Conditions that increase the risk of OSA
*Obesity increase risk of apneas
*Hypothyroidism, acromegaly increase risk of apneas
*Use of sedatives and narcotics increase risk and number of apneas
*Upper airway abnormalities
*Family History

Central Sleep Apnea

Mixed Sleep Apnea

Overweight
Presents mainly in males
Presents prominently in persons over the age of 40
Associated with specific conditions
*CHF
*Hypothyroid disorder
*Kidney failure
*Neurological diseases
Parkinsons disease
Alzheimers disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease)
*Brainstem damage
Encephalitis
Stroke

References: (Des and Burton, 1995; Hess, 2012; & WebMD,2017)

Screening questionnaire to evaluate symptoms associated with sleep apnea.